It can be seen that the PTFE/recycled BRS composite shows a lower dielectric constant, loss tangent, moisture absorption and CTE than the. Successful Design of OC-48/2. Loss tangent (tan (δ)) is a measure of signal loss as the signal propagates down the transmission line. When the frequency was above 1 MHz, the loss tangent of all the PTFE composite samples was lower than 0. 2. 8°,. 003 at 10GHz. For safety systems, the substrate of choice is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reinforced with glass fibers, with additional copper cladding for some applications. 7 and 3. 8 and have a loss tangent of 0. Dielectric loss angle tangent is increasing as increment of. Substrate materials like FR-4 (epoxy resin), PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene), Ceramic, and metal core (copper or aluminum) are used. Decomposition Temperature (Td) by TGA @ 5% weight loss: Resin Content: 360: Df, Loss Tangent: Resin Content: 0. An intermediate layer is often used between PTFE and copper to improve the adhesion, but using these layers is a tradeoff because they increase insertion losses. RO3000® Series. a) Dielectric loss (in dB per unit length, length is in the units used for λ. Dissipation Factor The ratio of loss current to charging current. PTFE has become the material of choice where low friction, excellent thermal properties, chemical inertness, and exceptional dielectric properties are required. The dielectric loss angle tangent (tan δ) of the PTFE composite also showed an increasing trend with the filler content. BZV-filled HDPE composite shows a εr value of 4. Solid PTFE has a dielectric constant of 2. Thus,. Compared with various perfluoroaliphatic polymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a kind of special engineering plastic, has self-fire-retardant, excellent chemical inertness, high operating temperature (25 °C), low water absorption and low dielectric loss tangent (3 × 10 −4), which is an ideal polymer matrix for the application in the. Rigid PCB Copper Clad Laminate is also known as PCB laminate is a kind of substrate material used in PCBs containing a tiny layer of copper lamination on any side (single CCL) or both sides (double CCL) of the PCB. 00005. Loss tangent of the BaWO 4 filled PTFE composite is shown in Fig. 009 to 0. 059 at 0. TC350 materials offer designers a unique combination of low insertion loss and higher thermal conductivity. Nonetheless, the challenge to conduct proton from the anode during the increased temperature because of water dissipation appears to be a major drawback for the Nafion [39, 40]. 2: Loss tangent defined in terms of the real and imaginary components of the complex permittivity [Math Processing Error] ϵ c. 13. The dielectric loss is reported in terms of the loss angle (δ), which has units of milliradians. Polymer-based composite was investigated by embedding calcium copper titanate (CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12; CCTO) fillers into polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix. 05 (CW) to 2. Loss Tangent =. Helping to maintain the Dk uniformity are the randomly oriented microfibers reinforcing the. 5. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the CLST/PTFE composites were measured by using a vector network analyzer (Agilent, HP8722ET, America) at 10 GHz. 3 TiO 3 (CNT) ceramic possesses both high dielectric constant ( εr ~100) and low loss tangent (5. Therefore, a series of PTFE, PET and PFA polymer materials with low permittivity and dielectric loss are selected and introduced to form compounds with H 3 BO 3 at 60–110 °C by conventional solid-phase method in this work, and then the effects of PTFE, PET and PFA on the microstructures, phase compositions, microwave dielectric. Based on the report by Xia and Zhange,. 9 (alumina), because so many materials are engineered by mixing these two materials. 0; C. % untreated SiO 2 filled PTFE composite has a dielectric constant of 2. . It is a solid form of fluorocarbon and a compound with elevated. 05, indicating that there is a potential application of Si 3 N 4 filled PTFE/GF composites in the field of. 7. , the central and the outer conductor, were modeled as perfect electric conductor (PEC). 1% moisture absorption is ideal for packaging materials . 004–0. Excellent mechanical properties versus. It is a measure of the amount of energy loss from the material due to an external electric field. 18 and 0. The dielectric performances of the composite were investigated within the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. 5" Positive slope due mostly to sintered glass. They exhibit excellent chemical resistance, including solventLow dielectric loss is important for a good capacitors and insulation. The density, dielectric constant, loss tangent, moisture absorption and ultimate tensile strength of the composite systems under study are complied in Table 1. The difference between SFR and PTFE includes scattering loss and dielectric loss. The Lynch formula [1] can be used to predict the change in Loss tangent loss Rule of Thumb #116. /in. ThunderClad 3+’s electrical performance is competitive with PTFE-based, hydrocarbon-based very low loss materials, but capable for high layer count circuit board design with excellent thermal reliability. Generally, the loss in a material is expressed in terms of the loss tangent, tanδ= ²00r ²0 r. However, the changes of the electrical property (including dielectric constant and loss tangent) are complex and hard to be obtained and analyzed. The CAS number for PTFE is 9002-84-0. The conductivity of PTFE/CNT (5 wt%) nanofiber membranes reached 1. 1885 0. 1 and a loss tangent<0. 008") Dielectric Diameter: 0. The randomly oriented microfibers in the PTFE composites result in exceptional Dk uniformity. Helping to maintain the Dk uniformity are the randomly oriented microfibers reinforcing the. Industry leading dielectric constant & thickness tolerance for commercial PTFE materials. Loss Tangent @ 1MHz – 0. Temperature Operating Range -55 to +200 deg C. The dissipation factor is the tangent of the loss angle of the insulating material. The heat conduction of PTFE polymer-based composite substrates has always been a problem because of a low heat conductivity of PTFE itself. Polytetra uoroethylene (PTFE) has an extremely low dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent among uoropolymers, as well as excellent chemical resistance, weather resistance, and heat. Sci. 4= loss tangent measurements as specified in 5. 54*10-5. Here’s a short list of some dimensions you might look at when selecting an RF PCB substrate material. 0010 to 2. 0002. The shape of PMMA was limited to spherical. PTFE Loss tangent 0. FR-4 (or FR4) is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. Polytetrafluoroethylene exhibited the typical dielectric behavior of a nonpolar substance: no dielectric loss peak was found over the experimental range of temperature and frequency. 21 and dielectric loss of 6. SFR can be applied to low-roughness copper foil, whereas PTFE can only. 1 X-ray diffraction (XRD). Rogers TC600 laminates are composites of PTFE, thermally conductive ceramic fillers and woven glass reinforcement. e. In an ideal capacitor without any dielectric losses, the insulation current is exactly 90° leading according to the applied voltage. 5°, 21. material. (FR-4) processes. fre- Moisture absorption significantly influences electrical properties of the composite since water has high dielectric constant and loss tangent. Rogers RO3000 high frequency circuit materials are ceramic-filled PTFE composites intended for use in commercial microwave and RF applications. TC600 laminates best-in-class thermal conductivity and mechanical robustness enable printed circuit board (PCB) size reduction. 094 in 2. 01 dB per wavelength as it travels. Loss tangent: '' tan C ' es d e we == (6. 0005 0. The average insertion loss for CPW lines at 40GHz. 4 Run the test and record the average permittivity and loss over the narrow frequency range sweep. In general, the dielectric loss tangent of composites remains a very low level, i. PTFE also has a very low loss tangent with a typical value of tan δ = 4 × 10 −4 , which decreases by a factor of 2-3 from 300 K down to 4 K [51, 52]. Dielectric loss tangent or dissipation factor. 09 (TDS); whereas the loss tangent angles are ~7. Loss Tangent (Df) ASTM D2520: 10 GHz: 0. 038 87Dissipation factor is the tangent of the loss angle of the insulating material. This carefully controlled ratio provides a higher dielectric constant (Dk) range and better dimensional stability and. 7. The dielectric loss angle tangent (tan δ) of the PTFE composite also showed an increasing trend with the filler content. 83 × 10 −3 and ~3. and it influences cost of devices. This family of advanced laminates offers exceptional electrical and mechanical stability. 20° indicating a highly crystalline form of pure AgNO 3 and several other low-intensity salt peaks at 19. 3 to Equation 3. For example, teflon (a. The result is much lower loss at microwave frequencies than solid PTFE offers. The average insertion loss for CPW lines at 40GHz. The dielectric loss tangent of the hBN/PTFE/PDMS composites with (a) no hBN, (b) no PTFE, (c) hBN 40 vol% and (d) PTFE 40 vol% at 18. 33 x 10 7: MΩ-cm. The loss tangent of Borofloat 33 glass increases from 0. signal and includes both dielectric and dc-conductivity losses. 55 Nd 0. 009 to 0. • FR-4 Loss Tangent = 0. Ji, Improved thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of hBN/PTFE composites via surface treatment by silane coupling agent. 4 a–b. Lower Z-Direction CTE than traditional PTFE woven-glass laminates. 1 FILTRATION Selecting the Best Filter for Your Application Choosing a filter does not have to be complicated – Corning has simplified the process. 11) Reinforcement (see 1. In. 1 Understanding Dielectric Constant and Loss tangent on Radome and Antenna Design誘電正接（ゆうでんせいせつ、dissipation factorあるいはLoss tangent）とは、誘電体内での電気エネルギー損失の度合いを表す数値である。 その定義から「タンジェント・デルタ」、あるいは略して「タンデルタ」「タンデル」と呼ぶこともある。PTFE is a semi-crystalline non-polar polymer whose main chain is [CF 2-CF 2] n . RO3003™ laminates consist of PTFE with ceramic filler. This is first, because the low dissipation factor of the dielectric itself reduces attenuation, especially at higher frequencies, and second the low dielectric constant of a microporous dielectric allows the use of a larger. PolyEthylene, DE-3401. 10) Filler (see 1. Overall, these findings provide a simple and effective route for preparing high-performance NBR composites with large thermal conductivities and dielectric constants. The laminates are PTFE-based materials produced by [49,50]. If you are not working in the area of RF circuit design, you might have not heard of this term 'Loss Tagent'. 40 Glass Transition (Tg) >280 170 - ˚C TMA A - IPC-TM-650 2. Thickness of . PTFE has amongst the highest resistivity of any material, a very high dielectric strength and low dielectric loss. Megtron 6’s electrical properties are competitive with PTFE–based materials, but with improved processability. 0035 at 100 Hz. 6 Thermal stability of AlN/PTFE composites. 5–26. 011 and above: Laminate Impact Strength: Very Good: Very Good: Moderate: Temperature Performance: High Tg 275°- 450°+F (135°-204°C) Moderate - High Tg 250°- 400°F (121°-204°C) Moderate - High The low dielectric constant and low loss tangent make SiO 2 a very low-loss material for microwaves. 2. 5 x par t thickness Impor tant Notes: 1) Processing conditions quoted in our datasheets are typical of those used in our processing laboratoriesPTFE sheets were sequentially washed with acetone (99. A new kind of ZrTi2O6 filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microwave composite substrates was fabricated through the hot-pressing process. This type of PCB stackup is suitable for. The strategy of introducing bulky substituents is further exemplified in a commercial Avatrel™ dielectric polymer made up of polynorbonene for passivation applications. 1. PTFE L-5 and PTFE JH-220 powders showed good dispersion in the PBS matrix, and PTFE FA-500 powder underwent fibrillation during the melt blending process. 5 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 19 15 X ppm/˚C --55˚C to 288˚C IPC TM-650 2. Features. The dielectric constant of RT/duroid 5870 and 5880 laminates is uniform from panel to panel and is constant over a. 1 and loss tangent as low as 0. , the maximum dielectric loss tangent is 0. Table 3-Dielectric Properties Vs. Combined with ultra-low dielectric constant and dielectric loss, FEP/PTFE nanocomposite foam has great potential to be applied in next generation communication devices. 2. The relative dielectric constant (ε r) and loss tangent (tanδ) of the composites. 6 Thermal stability of AlN/PTFE composites. Loss tangent can be calculated using the following formula:. for most PTFE based laminates. Where relevant, this includes physical properties, thermal properties, B-H curves, core loss data, frequency dependent permittivity and frequency-dependent loss tangent – enabling more exact analysis for key classes of electromagnetic simulation. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the dissipation factor vs. 0 ()1. Teflon PCBs transmit signals of 5GHz and higher frequencies. 23 and 0. 1 and extremely low loss. 1 Therefore, PTFE-based substrate materials are commonly fabricated by lling withIndustrial Plastics & Machine can offer an extremely wide range of skived tapes, sheets, extruded and moulded rods and tubes, in virgin PTFE as well as compounded from G series. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA, TA Q850) was performed in tensile mode. 2021, 11, 6813 7 of 9. 17 to 2. Generally, ceramic fillers have suitable dielectric constant, low loss tangent and relatively high thermal conductivity [[9], [10], [11]]. 0000 0. • Pores in composites and agglomeration of. 0031 — Bereskin Stripline Volume Resistivity: C-96/35/90 1. 15 to 4. View attachment 75187 Ideal may be quartz over alumina or ceramic substrate in non PTFE materials which are predicted to triple in next few years, but you did not specify budget constraints. 4. 1. 84 while the loss tangent reaches 1. Using precision control of the fiberglass/PTFE ratio, CuClad laminates offer a range of choices from the lowest dielectric constant and loss tangent to a more highly reinforced laminate with better dimensional. Using PEC as a material with infinite. 08E ⁻⁴ ), higher bending strength (21. 1, low dielectric loss tangent∼10 −4) and excellent thermal stability [19]. A very high intense and sharp peak was observed at 40. RO3003 laminates offer excellent stability of dielectric constant (Dk) over various temperatures and frequencies. The dielectric loss of the molded resin after heat treatment is only 0. 5mm Gate: >1mm or 0. The dissipation factor or loss tangent, tanδ,is given by ε’’/ε’, where ε’ and ε’’ are the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity (see Permittivity). 1 and low loss tangent because of the neutralization of dipole moment exhibited by C-F bonds. tan (δ) or Df is the result of electromagnetic wave absorption by the dielectric. 100 ±0. Nonpolar polymers such as PTFE, PE, PP and PS etc. The key performance targets for the composite material radome are low permittivity and low loss tangent at GHz frequencies, whilst also satisfying cost reduction and processing requirements. 2. The values below are relative permittivity for a few. They also provide greater signal integrity. As the modified LT content increases, the dielectric constant,. Test Methods The loss tangent is then defined as the ratio (or angle in a complex plane) of the lossy reaction to the electric field E in the curl equation to the lossless reaction: Solution for the electric field of the electromagnetic wave is where: ω is the angular frequency of the wave, and λ is the wavelength in the dielectric material. The CuClad 6250 bonding film is available in both 24” (610mm) roll form and sheeted format. 2 (1. 2E-4 @100 MHz. However, the application of PTFE was hindered by its high CTE (∼400 ppm/ o C) due to its room temperature phase transformation. fiber reinforced PTFE laminates yet it has a loss tangent that is lower than traditional chopped fiber reinforced laminates. 0 mm. 4 a–b. If it absorbs energy from loss tangent then you suffer on transmission loss and return loss and hence sensitivity. In the low loss tangent of PTFE is explained as a consequence of the symmetrical conformation of the polymer backbone, which neutralizes the dipole forces of the C–F bonds yielding a net zero dipole moment. Step 2: Select the membrane and housing material for your application. PTFE is known as non-absorbent (k close to 0), its relative permittivity n=2. The loss tangent of SU-8 is also given in Fig. The radome material choice, such as fiberglass, PTFE-coated fabric, and polycarbonate, is generally dependent on the targeted application environmental use. 012 at 1 MHz, respectively. Wide dielectric constant range available: 2. , the central and the outer conductor, were modeled as perfect electric conductor (PEC). The loss tangent creates. 02 in this frequency range. The real value of permittivity increases almost linearly with the filler volume, while the imaginary value only increases slightly. RO3000® Series. 001 to 0. especially for design of communication filters. 2. Note that loss tangent is zero for a lossless ((sigmaequiv 0)) material, and increases with increasing loss. This may be attributed to the non-uniform distribution of conductive particles. 6 (c)), which was due to the porous structure formed by the volatilization of additives during sintering. When the testing frequency is increased to 1 kHz, β-PVDF. 2. 3. An intermediate layer is often. 5. The values from the associated chart are obtained by the analysis of both the moulding and extrusion process. 4 to 3. stant ("0) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan ) by the following equation (1). Ca 0. When δ is low valued then it is related to loss tangent (the ratio of imaginary and real parts of permittivity) by δ ≈ tanδ ×103 milliradians. 4 plots the storage (G′) and loss (G″) modulus, complex viscosity (η*), and tangent of the phase angle shift (tan δ) against frequency (ω) for PP and its blends, respectively. Loss Tangent (RC64%) 10 GHz (SPC method) 0. 011: GOOD Dielectric Constant 4. Another blended polymer prepared from PEEK and PTFE (PEEK/PTFE-5) possessed a dielectric constant of 3. maximum achievable distance by radar sensor. Materials with a low loss tangent and low relative permittivity are essential for the next. thus far, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has shown the lowest relative dielectric constant and the lowest dielectric loss tangent. RT/duroid® high frequency circuit materials are filled PTFE (random glass or ceramic) composite laminates for use in high reliability, aerospace and defense applications. Rogers RO3000 high frequency circuit materials are ceramic-filled PTFE composites intended for use in commercial microwave and RF applications. Permeability (electromagnetism) In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of magnetization produced in a material in response to an applied magnetic field. and it influences cost of devices. Loss tangent values ranging from . The dielectric loss tangent of the four curves shows a gentle upward trend, and the use of the binary coupling agents does not have a significant effect on it. 2 dB with a thickness of 2. The composites were prepared through a dry powder processing technique by dispersing different micron sizes (25 µm, 45 µm, 63 µm, 90 µm, and 106 µm) of the recycled BRS filler in the PTFE matrix. of soft and hard magnetic alloys. Loss tangent (tan δ) of all samples was measured at a heating rate of 3 °C/min and a frequency of 1 Hz in the temperature range from − 140–150 °C. B. 5 RT Duroid RT Duroid is Glass Microfiber Reinforced PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) composite produced by Roger Corporation. The imaginary part is zero for lossless materials and is also known as loss factor. Besides dielectric constant, α-PVDF also shows a larger dielectric loss than β-PVDF and γ-PVDF at low frequency (ranging from 100 Hz to 1 kHz). 24. 156" Overall Diameter: 0. Low dielectric tolerance and low loss • Excellent electrical performance • Allows applications with higher operating frequencies • Ideal for. 4. @ 5 GHz. Jacket FEP, Tan 0. The flexibility of TLY-3FF is comparable to chopped fiber reinforced PTFE laminates yet it has a loss tangent that is lower than traditional chopped fiber reinforced laminates. It can be seen that PTFE–Mg 2 SiO 4 nanocomposites shows higher loss tangent as compared to corresponding microcomposites. 37 shows an idealized radome. 011 and above: Laminate Impact Strength: Very. This material is a rigid, thermosetoscillation amplitude on the measured loss tangent values of a PTFE sample is shown. 1 through 5. In the case of cement–matrix composites, both loss tangent and storage modulus are greatly enhanced by the addition of silica fume. 2 dB with a thickness of 2. Thus moisture absorption should be as low as possible. Its structure in simplistic form is shown in Fig. The loss tangent is slightly high at a higher volume concentration of CB; also, the same effect is observed at a higher frequency range. All samples were compressed into 20 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm rectangular shape. 실제 유전율은 상대 유전율에다 진공의 유전율 를 곱해서 구할 수 있다. 07 and 0. 5” • Tachyon 25dB loss is 15. 2. Dielectrics with low loss provide reduced attenuation and heating in circuits. 0011, respectively, while it. 001 to 0. 45 MPa) and bending modulus (522 MPa), better thermal. constantsincludeTeflon^(polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)),cross-linkedpolystyrene "Specificmaterialsthatare commonly used are mentioned for informational purposes only. Relative permittivity is also commonly known. The scanned data may also be saved on disk. For example, dry air has no dielectric loss. 059 and 0. Other properties such as electrical, mechanical, physical, thermal and chemical resistance are listed as well as properties particular to the various forms such as films, fibres a. Prepreg. Dissipation Factor is a dimensionless measure and hence no units. 00 310 at 10 kHz. 1 and extremely low loss tangent tan δ ∼ 0. 008 from 75GHz to 100GHz. Variation of (c) the dielectric permittivity and (d) dielectric loss with temperature of the PTFE and P-0. The use of composite engineering to tailor structural composite materials for damping results in enhancement of the loss tangent, with negligible, if any, reduction of the storage modulus. High-performance fiber paper for wave-transparent applications is extensively applied in electromagnetic windows and radar radomes in the aerospace, transportation, and 5G communication sectors because of its excellent mechanical properties, low dielectric constant ε and dielectric loss tangent tanδ, and. These substrates use direct bond copper (DBC. The permittivity of soil varies considerably depending on composition. For the extraction of dielectric constant and loss tangent of the proposed stack up, microstrip ring resonator (MRR) method is used. However, transmission loss increases with increasing frequency in PWBs; therefore, reducing the transmission loss in PWBs at high frequencies is an ongoing research objective. 1. Another blended polymer prepared from PEEK and PTFE (PEEK/PTFE-5) possessed a dielectric constant of 3. 00015, which means it loses about 0. The storage modulus (G′), complex viscosity (η*) and loss angle tangent (tanδ) versus angular frequency (ω) are plotted in Fig. This material is a rigid, thermoset laminate. 5%E shows a slight increase with. 1 rad/s to 100 rad/s in Fig. 0010 0. 8 rad/s, or ω = 10 rad/s corresponds to f = 1. Dielectric Loss and Copper Loss . 0021: Industry Approvals IPC-4101 Specification Number: /102 IPC-4101E/102 Validation Services QPL. 9) Resin (see 1. Larger error bars due to stability of lab ambient temperature. 2. This material is excellent for building high speed, high frequency, microwave, and RF high power boards. 3 GHz and 5. 0007 1017 1018-1019 Polytetrafluoroethylene filled with Glass PTFE 25% GF - 2. PTFE or Polytetrafluoroethylene is a versatile and high-performance fluoropolymer made up of fluorine and carbon atoms and is highly used as a non-stick coating in kitchen. Rick Lovelady. (PI), cyanate ester resin (CE), polytetrafluoroethylene resin (PTFE), bismaleimide triazine resin (BT), thermosetting polyphenylene ether resin (PPE) or PPO are all commonly used. Among these, PTFE is the most preferred matrix for microwave applications because of its low loss tangent, stable dielectric constant, good chemical resistance and high operating temperature. 0014-. 1 Mechanical properties 34 3. It can be clearly seen that the profile of -NRW in Fig. 5 GHz show that the 3D printed PTFE maintains the favorable dielectric properties of traditionally processed PTFE. 1. Accurate measurement of the permittivity and loss tangent of low-loss materials is essential due to their special applications in the field of ultra large scale integrated circuits and microwave devices. The. 1. Loss tangent or Dissipation factor can change significantly up to 200% with moisture absorption as little as 0. 7±0. In addition, the PTFE/F-GF composite shows improved density (2. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant (self-extinguishing). In this paper, a hemispherical open resonator is used to measure the quality factor and resonant frequency of various materials in the millimeter wave band. A certain SiC, Si, and PMMA powder mass was weighed. Support Center Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. The radome material choice, such as fiberglass, PTFE-coated fabric, and polycarbonate, is generally dependent on the targeted application environmental use. You can expect significant performance variations from one assembly to the next. In loss tangent AFM, the AFM cantilever is excited, similar to amplitude modulation AFM (also known as tapping mode); however, the observable aspects are used to extract dissipative and conservative energies per cycle of oscillation. The effect of the. 8 mg, which is 47% less than that of 3. 85*10-12 F/m), ε 0 - dielectric. 0005 0. 0018 at X-band and low moisture absorption. Rogers RO4350B materials are proprietary woven glass reinforced hydrocarbon/ceramics with electrical performance close to PTFE/woven glass and the manufacturability of epoxy/ glass. 00 10 3 at 10 kHz. 1 Understanding Dielectric Constant and Loss tangent on Radome and Antenna DesignIn addition, I-Tera MT40 offers a lower dissipation factor (Df) of 0. The two critical material properties in determining radome performance are the dielectric constant, ε r, and the electric loss tangent tan δ. 60, tanδ = 0. With their exceptional dielectric properties, low loss tangent, and thermal stability, AD255C materials offer significant advantages for high-frequency circuit designs. 67), and R - specific resistance.